• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for separating photovoltaic modules (6) of a photovoltaic system from an inverter (1) and an inverter (1) for conversion into a direct voltage (UDC) generated in photovoltaic modules into an alternating voltage (UAC) with supply lines (11, 12). for connection to the photovoltaic modules (6), wherein an isolating circuit (14) formed by mechanical isolating elements (16) in the supply lines (11, 12) for isolating the photovoltaic modules (6) from the inverter (1) is provided. For easy separation of photovoltaic modules (6) even with very high DC voltages without the use of correspondingly elaborate load switch to relieve the AusschaltVorganges the mechanical separating elements (16) when disconnecting the photovoltaic modules (6) at least one discharge capacitor (17) and arranged such that on Relief capacitor (17) before disconnecting the mechanical separating elements (16) substantially the voltage of the photovoltaic modules (6) is applied, so that the mechanical separating elements (16) are substantially free of stress during actuation.
    公开号:AT510502A1
    申请号:T16372010
    申请日:2010-09-30
    公开日:2012-04-15
    发明作者:Christian Eder；Peter Riedler；Andreas Luger；Dragan Vuksan
    申请人:Fronius Int Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    1
    The invention relates to an inverter for converting a DC voltage generated in photovoltaic modules into an AC voltage, with leads for connection to the photovoltaic modules, wherein an isolating circuit formed by mechanical separating elements in the leads for separating the photovoltaic modules from the inverter is provided.
    The invention likewise relates to a method for separating photovoltaic modules of a photovoltaic system from an inverter with the aid of mechanical isolating elements of a disconnecting circuit.
    An inverter serves to convert the DC voltage of an energy source or of photovoltaic modules into a sinusoidal AC voltage, which can be fed into a supply network or used directly to supply consumers. To reduce, in particular line losses, ever higher input DC voltages, for example, up to 1500 volts and above, are used by a corresponding number of photovoltaic modules is connected in series. For maintenance work, it is necessary to switch the inverter of a photovoltaic system off. For this purpose, the photovoltaic modules are connected via a corresponding separator to the input of the inverter and the output of the inverter via a corresponding separator with the supply network. While the separation of the AC voltage output of the inverter with corresponding mechanical separating elements, in particular switches, or even Halbleiterbauel ementen no large. Problems bereititer, i.st the switching of high DC voltages problematic, since it is difficult due to the lack of zero crossings at DC voltages to extinguish a resulting arc. The higher the DC voltage, the larger erasers need corresponding mechanical switch, so both the size of such switches and their price increases. In addition, in mechanical switches, the total power loss, which arises when switching through the arc when opening the contacts, is converted into heat in the switch. In addition to the high (by the
    Arc caused) power loss and the switching contacts of the mechanical switches or separating elements are worn and thus reduced their life.
    The switching of high DC voltages by means of electronic switches is possible in principle, but usually not allowed due to safety regulations.
    The use of fuses, e.g. due to the electrical characteristics of a photovoltaic module, melting in the event of overload or short circuit and thus automatically disconnecting the photovoltaic modules from the inverter is not possible because the short-circuit current supplied by the photovoltaic module is insufficient to melt a fuse. The operating current of a photovoltaic module is only relatively short of the short-circuit current.
    An arrangement for separating a photovoltaic module from an inverter by means of a specially controlled semiconductor circuit is known, for example, from EP 2 048 679 A1.
    As mentioned above, the use of semiconductor devices is not permitted to meet certain safety precautions.
    An isolating circuit with mechanical switches has become known, for example, from US 2009/0027932 A1. However, the mechanical switches used must be made very large and relatively expensive due to the elaborate arc quenching.
    A combination of plug contacts and semiconductor switches is known from DE 10 2007 043 512 A1.
    Finally, DE 10 2008 048 841 B3 shows an isolating circuit for an inverter in which electronic switches are combined with electronic switching elements.
    The object of the present invention is to provide an above-mentioned inverter and an above-mentioned method for separating photovoltaic modules from an inverter, which also enable a safe and simple separation of photovoltaic modules with particularly high DC voltages, without the occurrence of Arcs high switching losses are caused. The circuit or the method should be as simple and inexpensive to carry out and meet the safety requirements for photovoltaic systems.
    The erfinungsgemäße object is achieved by an above-mentioned inverter, in which at least one discharge capacitor is provided to relieve the turn-off of the mechanical separating elements when disconnecting the photovoltaic module. By means of the relief capacitor according to the invention, it is possible to disconnect the mechanical separating elements from the separation process substantially without voltage, whereby the risk of the formation of arcs is minimized. As a result, smaller mechanical separating elements can also be used for separating photovoltaic modules with particularly high input DC voltages. The term mechanical separating elements includes, in particular, mechanical switches, but also plug contacts, via which the components, in this case the photovoltaic modules and the inverter, can be separated from one another. The at least one discharge capacitor according to the invention is charged accordingly, so that the voltage difference across the separating elements or switches is brought to zero as far as possible before the photovoltaic modules are disconnected. When disconnecting the photovoltaic modules thus no arc, whereby the switching losses can be minimized. The life of the mechanical separating elements is thereby also increased. In order to ensure that the at least one discharge capacitor is preferably discharged within a predetermined time below a predetermined voltage, a high-impedance resistor can be connected in parallel to the at least one discharge capacitor.
    In order to ensure that the voltage across the at least one discharge capacitor is sufficient even for a substantially voltage-free switching of the mechanical separating elements, the at least one discharge capacitor is preferably dimensioned such that the voltage increase across the mechanical separating elements is slower than the increase in the insulation strength of the mechanical separating elements whose opening is. This condition ensures that in the mechanical 4
    This condition ensures that in the mechanical separating element, in particular switch, no arc.
    Advantageously, the capacity of the at least one discharge capacitor is > I / (Au / At), where I is the switching current of the mechanical isolators and (Au / At) is the maximum voltage rise rate of the mechanical isolators. As a result of this condition, the discharge capacitor prevents the formation of arcs in the mechanical separating elements for separating the photovoltaic modules.
    According to a variant of the inverter according to the invention or the disconnecting circuit, a mechanical auxiliary switch is provided in at least one supply line between the photovoltaic modules and the inverter in series with a mechanical separating element of the separating circuit, which is formed leading over the series-connected mechanical separating element. The additional leading auxiliary switch is therefore actuated when separating the photovoltaic modules from the inverter in front of the mechanical separating elements.
    The mechanical separating elements of the isolating circuit and the series-connected auxiliary switch can be mechanically coupled together to realize the advanced design of the auxiliary switch can.
    For example, this mechanical coupling can be formed by a combined rotary switch, which first actuates the auxiliary switch and then the separating element of the separating circuit.
    The at least one Entlastur.gskondensator is preferably arranged parallel to the photovoltaic modules. Thus, the discharge capacitor is always maintained substantially at the voltage of the photovoltaic modules, so that there is no voltage flashovers on the mechanical separating elements in a separation of the photovoltaic modules from the inverter, since they are substantially de-energized.
    It is also possible that the at least one discharge capacitor is arranged parallel to the mechanical auxiliary switch. 5
    As a result, the mechanical auxiliary switch is released unloaded and then the mechanical separation elements of the separation circuit are opened substantially stress-free.
    The mechanical isolators of the isolation circuit and optionally the mechanical auxiliary switches may be mechanically coupled to a housing of the inverter to automatically achieve separation of the photovoltaic modules when the inverter is removed from, for example, a wall mount. For example, when the housing of the inverter is lifted off, the disconnecting circuit can be automatically actuated both for the photovoltaic modules and for the connection to the supply network, and the inverter can be serviced in a de-energized state.
    In terms of the method, the object is achieved in that before the separation of the photovoltaic modules at least one discharge capacitor is charged via the photovoltaic modules, softer at least; a discharge capacitor is connected to the mechanical separating elements, so that the mechanical separating elements are substantially free of stress during actuation. For the advantages, reference is made to the above description of the inverter.
    Advantageously, the at least one discharge capacitor is dimensioned such that the voltage increase across the mechanical separation elements is slower than the increase in the insulation strength of the mechanical separation elements during their opening. As a result, the formation of an arc in the mechanical separating elements is effectively prevented.
    The capacity of the at least one discharge capacitor is preferably > I / (Au / At), where I is the switching current of the mechanical isolators and (Au / At) is the maximum voltage rise rate of the mechanical isolators.
    Before actuating the mechanical switch of the disconnecting circuit, a mechanical auxiliary switch can be opened in at least one feed line between the inverter and the photovoltaic modules. 6
    The mechanical separating elements of the separating circuit are preferably mechanically coupled to the mechanical auxiliary switch to ensure the leading action of the auxiliary switch relative to the separating elements.
    The mechanical separating elements of the isolating circuit and the mechanical auxiliary switch can be formed by a combined rotary switch.
    The at least one discharge capacitor can be arranged parallel to the photovoltaic modules or also parallel to the mechanical auxiliary switch.
    In order to enable automatic actuation of the isolating circuit, the mechanical isolating elements of the isolating circuit and optionally the auxiliary mechanical switch are mechanically coupled to the housing of the inverter.
    The present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings. Show:
    1 shows a schematic overview of an inverter of a photovoltaic system;
    Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a photovoltaic system
    Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a separating circuit according to the invention
    Fig. 4 shows a further embodiment of an inventive
    Separation circuit; and
    Fig. 5 shows a third embodiment of a circuit for separating the photovoltaic modules from the inverter.
    By way of introduction, it is stated that identical parts of the exemplary embodiment are given the same reference numerals.
    FIG. 1 shows a structure of a known inverter 1, in detail of an HF inverter. Since the individual 7
    Components or assemblies and functions of inverters 1 are already known from the prior art, will not be discussed in detail below.
    The inverter 1 has at least one input DC-DC converter ler 2, a DC link 3 and an output DC-AC converter 4. At the input DC-DC converter 2, a power source 5 is connected, which are preferably formed from one or more parallel and / or series-connected photovoltaic modules 6. The inverter 1 and the photovoltaic modules 6 are also referred to as a photovoltaic system or as a PV system. The output of the inverter 1 or of the output D-C-AC converter 4 can be connected to a supply network 7, such as a public or private alternating voltage network or a multi-phase network, and / or to at least one electrical consumer 8. For example, a consumer 8 is formed by an engine, refrigerator, radio, and so on. Likewise, the consumer 8 can also represent a home care. The individual components of the inverter 1 can be connected to a control device 10 via a data bus 9.
    Preferably, such an inverter 1 serves as a so-called grid-connected inverter 1, whose energy management is then optimized to feed as much energy into the grid 7 as possible. As is known from the prior art, the consumers 8 are supplied via the supply network 7. Of course, a plurality of inverters 1 connected in parallel can also be used. As a result, more energy for operating the consumer 8 can be provided.
    This energy is supplied by the power source 5 and the photovoltaic modules 6 in the form of a DC voltage, which is connected via two Anschlussieitungen 11, 12 with the inverter 1.
    The control device 10 of the inverter 1 is formed for example by a microprocessor, microcontroller or computer. Via the control device 10, a corresponding control of the individual components of the inverter 1, such as the input DC-DC converter 2 or the output DC-AC converter 4, 8, in particular the switching elements arranged therein, are made. In the control device 10 for this purpose, the individual control or control processes are stored by appropriate software programs and / or data or characteristics.
    Furthermore, control elements 13 are connected to the control device 10, by means of which the user can, for example, configure the inverter 1 and / or display operating states or parameters-for example by means of light-emitting diodes-and set them. The controls 13 are connected for example via the data bus 9 or directly to the control device 10. Such controls 13 are arranged for example on a front of the inverter 1, so that an operation from the outside is possible. Likewise, the controls 13 may also be arranged directly on assemblies and / or modules within the inverter 1.
    Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a photovoltaic system comprising the inverter 1, the Photovoltaikmoduie 6 and a supply network 7. The photovoltaic module are connected via a separator 14 with the inverter 1 and the input DC-DC converter 2 of the inverter 1. Ausgangsseit.i g i st the output of the output DC-AC converter 4 of the inverter via a separator 15 connected to the supply network 7. Usually, both the input-side separator 14 and the output-side separator 15 is integrated in the inverter 1, which has been characterized by the dashed border. The subject invention is directed to the design of the input-side separator 14, which due to the ever-increasing DC voltages Pholovoltai kmodule 6 before. above 1 500 volts is a higher challenge.
    Figure 3 shows a first embodiment of a circuit for separating the photovoltaic module 6 from the inverter 1, wherein the mechanical separation elements 16 of the separation circuit 14 are connected to a discharge capacitor 17, whose capacity is chosen so that the voltage applied to the mechanical separating elements 16 voltage rises more slowly than the insulation resistance of the mechanical separating elements 16 during their opening. 9 ter formed. Thus, no arc can occur in the separating elements 16 and no elaborate extinguishing combs are required in the mechanical separating elements 16. By simply switching on this appropriately sized discharge capacitor 17 much smaller mechanical separating elements 16 can be used. In parallel with the discharge capacitor 17, a high-resistance resistor 19 may be arranged, which ensures the discharge of the discharge capacitor 17 before the next connection of the photovoltaic modules 6 to the inverter 1. The dimensioning of the resistor 19 takes place in such a way that, in order to fulfill any safety regulations, the charge of the discharge capacitor 17 drops below a predetermined voltage within a predetermined period of time. This ensures after the period of time that the maintenance personnel can no longer come into contact with dangerous voltages. The dimensioning of the discharge capacitor 17 is preferably carried out such that the voltage increase at the mechanical separating elements 16 is slower than the increase in the insulation strength of the mechanical separating elements 16. In this case, the condition C > for the capacitance C of the discharge capacitor 17 is given. I / (Au / At), where I is the switching current of the mechanical separating elements 16 and (Au / At) means the maximum voltage increasing rate of the mechanical separating elements 16.
    Examples of Sizing Encoder Sizing: Assuming an ideal air breakdown strength of 3kV / mm and a contact opening speed of a mechanical separator (eg, 832A-SBH relay) of 0.8 mm / ms, the breakdown voltage is 240V. This voltage must not exceed 100ps, otherwise an arc would be ignited. Assuming double security, the voltage rise rate Au / At < 120V / 100ps = 1, 2kV / ms. This results in dependence on the switching current I, the following values for the discharge capacitor: 10 10 I [Al 20 30 50 100 C [FJ 17 25 42 83
    Figure 4 shows a second variant of a separation circuit 14, wherein in series with a mechanical separating element 16, a further mechanical auxiliary switch 18 is arranged, the contact of the mechanical separating element 16 is formed leading. In this embodiment, the mechanical separating elements 16 are realized by plug contacts. The discharge capacitor 17 is arranged parallel to the auxiliary switch 18. This circuit variant also ensures that the separating elements 16 and the auxiliary switch 18 can be switched substantially free of voltage and therefore sufficient for small mechanical separating elements or switches. The combination of the auxiliary switch 18 with the separating elements 16 can be achieved by appropriate mechanical coupling, for example in a combined rotary switch. In this case, the auxiliary switch 13 may be ausgebiidet as a relay, which is triggered for example automatically when lifting the inverter 1 of a wall bracket, after which the mechanical separating elements 16 are opened.
    The further embodiment variant shown in FIG. 5 combines the circuit variant shown in FIG. 3 with a mechanical auxiliary switch 18 in the supply line 11, whose contacts lead the mechanical separating elements 16.
    The circuit variants according to the invention enable a simple and safe separation of photovoltaic modules from an inverter of a photovoltaic system, without having to use circuit breakers with correspondingly large extinguishing distances.
    权利要求:
    Claims (18)
    [1]
    11. Claims 1. An inverter {1) for converting a DC voltage (ϋκ) generated in photovoltaic modules (6) into an AC voltage (UAc) / with supply lines (11, 12} for connection to the photovoltaic modules (6), wherein a separating circuit (14) formed by mechanical separating elements (16) in the supply lines (11, 12) for separating the photovoltaic modules (6) from the inverter (1), characterized in that to relieve the switching off of the mechanical separating elements (16) Disconnecting the photovoltaic modules (6) at least one discharge capacitor (17) is provided
    [2]
    2. Inverter (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one discharge capacitor (17) is dimensioned such that the voltage increase (Au / At) at the mechanical separating elements (16) is slower than the increase in the insulation strength of the mechanical separating elements (16). 16) during its opening.
    [3]
    3. Inverter (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the capacitance (C) of the at least one discharge capacitor (17) > I / (Au / At), where I is the switching current of the mechanical isolators (16), and (Au / At) is the maximum voltage ramp rate of the mechanical isolators (16).
    [4]
    4. inverter (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that in at least one supply line (11, 12) in series with a mechanical separating element (16) of the separating circuit (14) is provided a mechanical auxiliary switch (18), wherein the mechanical auxiliary switch (18) opposite to the series-connected mechanical separating element (16) is formed leading.
    [5]
    5. inverter (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that the mechanical separating elements (16) of the separating circuit (14) and the series-connected auxiliary mechanical switch (18) are mechanically coupled together. 12
    [6]
    6. inverter (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that the mechanical separating elements (16) of the separating circuit (14) and the mechanical auxiliary switch (18) are formed by a combined rotary switch.
    [7]
    7. Inverter (1) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the at least one discharge capacitor (17) is arranged parallel to the photovoltaic modules (6).
    [8]
    8. Inverter (1) according to one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that the at least one discharge capacitor (17) is arranged parallel to the mechanical auxiliary switch (18).
    [9]
    9. inverter (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the mechanical separating elements (16) of the separating circuit (14) and optionally the mechanical auxiliary switch (18) are mechanically coupled to a housing.
    [10]
    10. A method for separating photovoltaic modules (6) of a photovoltaic system from an inverter (1) by means of before. mechanical separation elements (16) of a separation circuit (14), characterized in that before the separation of the photovoltaic modules (6) at least one discharge capacitor (17) is charged via the photovoltaic modules (6), which at least one discharge capacitor (17) with the mechanical Separating elements (16) is connected, so that the mechanical separating elements (16) are substantially free of stress during actuation.
    [11]
    11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the at least one discharge capacitor (17) is dimensioned such that the voltage increase (Au / At) on the mechanical separating elements (16) slower than the increase in the insulation strength of the mechanical separating elements (16) during whose opening is.
    [12]
    12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the capacitance (C) of the at least one discharge capacitor (17) > I / (Au / At), where I is the switching current of the mechanical separating elements (16), and (Au / At) is the maximum voltage rise rate of the mechanical separating elements (16).
    [13]
    13. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that prior to the actuation of the mechanical switch (16) of the separating circuit (14) a mechanical auxiliary switch (18) in at least one supply line (11, 12) is opened.
    [14]
    14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the mechanical separating elements (16) of the separating circuit (14) are mechanically coupled to the mechanical auxiliary switch (18).
    [15]
    15. The method according to claim 14, characterized in that the mechanical separating elements (16) of the separating circuit (14) and the mechanical auxiliary switch (18) are formed by a combined rotary switch.
    [16]
    16. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that the at least one discharge capacitor (17) is arranged parallel to the photovoltaic modules (6).
    [17]
    17. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, characterized in that the at least one discharge capacitor (17} is arranged parallel to the auxiliary mechanical schaiter (18).
    [18]
    18. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 17, characterized in that the mechanical separating elements (16) of the separating circuit (14) and optionally the mechanical auxiliary switch (18) with a housing of the inverter (1) are mechanically coupled. GH / stk / R
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    同族专利:
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    WO2012040760A8|2012-06-21|
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    WO2012040760A3|2012-08-16|
    引用文献:
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA1637/2010A|AT510502B1|2010-09-30|2010-09-30|INVERTER AND METHOD FOR SEPARATING PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES FROM AN INVERTER|ATA1637/2010A| AT510502B1|2010-09-30|2010-09-30|INVERTER AND METHOD FOR SEPARATING PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES FROM AN INVERTER|
    PCT/AT2011/000404| WO2012040760A2|2010-09-30|2011-09-30|Inverter and method for isolating photovoltaic modules from an inverter|
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